DIRECT INDIRECT SPEECH

 Name-Vaishnavi Vijay Raut

 Year-FYBSCBED(2020-21)

 Course Name-English 1

 Course Code-101

 Topic-Direct-Indirect Speech

 Teacher Name-Mr Mahesh Mali

                                    Direct-Indirect Speech

Direct Speech-

*Use the speaker's own words.

*Put speech marks around the words spoken.

Indirect Speech-

*Do not use the exact words of the speaker's.

*Do not use speech marks.

*Report what was said using the word that and the past form of the verb used by the speakers

Example-

Change as per Tense-

Tense in direct speech                                               Tense in indirect speech

Present simple                                                                         Past simple

(Subject+V1st+Object)                                                             (Subject+v2+Object)

Present Continuous                                                                 Past continuous

(Subject+is/am/are+V1+ing+Object)                                        (Subject+was/were+V1+ing+Object)

 Present perfect                                                                       Past perfect

(Subject+has/have+V3+Object)                                                (Subject+was/were+V3+Object)

  Past simple                                                                            Past perfect

(Simple+V2+Object)                                                                  (Subject+had+V3+Object)

Past continuous                                                                       Past perfect coontinuous

(Subject+was/were++V1+ing+Object)                                     (Subject+had+V1+ing+Object)

Future simple                                                                           Present conditional

(Subject+will/shall+V1+Object)                                               (Subject+would+V1+Object)

Future conditional                                                                   Conditional continuous

(Subject+will/shall+be+V1+ing+Object)                                  (Subject+would+be+V1+ing+Object)

Example-

1.Heena said,''I walk.''

Heena said that she walked

2.They told,''We are living in Paris.''

They told that they had been living in Paris.

3.

Changes in places and time-

Words are changes in an indirect speech to replaces nearness from distance.

Direct speech                Indirect speech

Now                                       Then

Here                                       There

Today                                     That day

Tomorrow                              The next day

Last week                              The previous week

This                                       That

Tonight                                  That night

Ago                                        Before

Thus                                       So

Hither                                    Thither

Come                                     Go

Hence                                    Thence

Next                                       Following

Example-

1.He said,''I am living for Mumbai today''.

He said that he was leaving for Mumbai the next day.

2.He says,''I am busy now.''

He says that he is busy now.

Changes in Pronounce-

Rules-

*The first person in reported speech changes according to the subject of reported speech.

*In reported speech change of the second person depends on the object of reporting speech.

Direct speech                     Indirect speech

I                                            He/she

You                                       He/she/they

We                                        They

They                                     They

He                                         He

She                                        She

It                                            It

Us                                          Them

Our                                        Their

His                                         His

Her                                         Her

Its                                           Its

Example-

1.Vidya said,''I am a good girl''.

Vidya said that she was good girl.

2.He said ,''She is in Delhi.''

He said that she was in Delhi.

Changes as per Verb-

Rules-

*If the reporting verb is in the past tense,then the direct sentences is changed in its past tense.

*The tense of direct speech remains unchanged when the reporting verb is in the present or future tense.

*If the direct sentences contains the universal truth ,then its remains unchanged in the indirect speech.

Example-

1.Navin said,''He is young.''

Navin said that he was young.

2.They said ,''The sun rises in the east''.

They said that the sun rises in the east.

Words used to add

Which word to use to connect the two parts of sentences in direct speech depends on the type of the sentences(inquotation marks)

1.Assertive sentences-

*Sentences that make a sentences.

*These sentences may be positive,negative,false or true statement.

Example-

1.She says,''I am writing a letter to my brother.''

She says that she is writing a letter to her brother.

2.''You stole my money'',he said to me.

He accused me of stealing his money.

2.Impertive sentences-

*These sentences may  be in the shape of advice,entreaty,request or order.

*It depends upon the forcefulness of the speakers.

Example-

1.He said,''Shut the window,Ram''.

He asked Ram to shut the window.

2.He said to me,''You should work hard to pass the exam.''

He advised me that I should work hard to pass the exam.''

3.Interrogative sentences-

*Those sentences which ask questions.

*Every sentences ends at a sign of interrogation

Example-

1.She says,''Who is he?''

She says who he is.

2.

4. Exclamatory sentences-

*Those sentences ,which express our feelings and emotions.

*Mark of exaclamations is used at the ends of an exclamatory sentences.

Example-

1.He said,''Hurry!I have won the match''.

he exclaimed with great joy that he had won the match.

2.I said,''How lucky I am!''

I said in great wonder that I was very lucky.

5.Optative sentences-

*Those sentences,which express hope,prayer or wish.

Example-

1.He said to me,''May you live long.''

He prayed that I might live long.

2.You said to me,''May you find your lost camera.''

You prayed that I am might find my lost camera.

References-

1.https://direct indirect speech.com

2.https://google.com

3.https://englishgrammerbooks/abdulkalmchus/salaamchaus

4.https://youtube/directindurectspeech/ddpatilsir

 

 

UU